全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）

PFAS为何重要

The carbon–fluorine bonds that make PFAS useful also make them exceptionally resistant to degradation, so they accumulate in water, soil and organisms. Certain PFAS are associated with health effects at very low concentrations, which is why regulators have set limits in the nanograms-per-litre range — parts per trillion.

处理技术

Three capture technologies dominate: granular activated carbon, ion-exchange resins, and high-pressure membranes (RO/NF). All separate PFAS from water but concentrate them into spent media or brine, creating a residuals-management challenge.

A destruction-technology cohort — supercritical water oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, hydrothermal alkaline treatment and plasma — is moving from lab to field to break the carbon–fluorine bond, currently most viable for concentrates rather than raw water.

监管

The US EPA finalized enforceable drinking-water limits in 2024 (4 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS, with limits and a hazard index for several others). The EU addresses PFAS through drinking-water monitoring and a proposed broad restriction under REACH. These frameworks anchor a multi-billion-dollar global treatment market.