已审校最近审校: 2026-06-25
海水淡化
海水淡化从海洋中制取淡水，主要采用反渗透（膜法）或热蒸馏（多级闪蒸/多效蒸馏）。全球装机规模已超过每日1亿立方米，集中于中东，而亚洲与北非增长最快。
技术格局
Thermal processes — multi-stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED) — historically dominated the Gulf, exploiting cheap cogenerated heat. Reverse osmosis, more energy-efficient and modular, now accounts for the large majority of new contracted capacity worldwide, including in the Gulf itself as renewable power reshapes plant economics.
环境考量
Key impacts are energy use and associated carbon (mitigated by renewables and energy recovery), intake effects on marine life (addressed with subsurface intakes and low-velocity screens), and brine discharge, which requires diffuser design and monitoring to manage salinity and any additives in the receiving environment.
参考文献
- [1]Desalination: A National Perspective. US National Research Council, 2008.
- [2]IDA Water Security Handbook. International Desalination Association, 2023.